What Are The Features Of Market Structures - 3637 Words

Introduction In the real world, firms operate in a large variety of environments based on different market conditions. In order to analyze this real life behavior, economists have identified characteristics that make some firms similar to each other and other firms different from one another. The most important features of market structures are: ï  ¬ The number of firms ï  ¬ The market share of the largest firms ï  ¬ The nature of costs ï  ¬ The degree to which the industry is vertically integrated ï  ¬ The extent of product differentiation ï  ¬ The structure of buyers in the industry ï  ¬ The turnover of customers The study of firms is based on the following categories of market structure: monopolistic competition, oligopoly and duopoly. The characteristics of each market structure relate to differences in the demand curves faced by firms in each category. Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. Oligopoly is a type in which a market is run by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share. Duopoly is a special case of an oligopoly with two firms. Perfect competition (cannot be found in real life) is the market structure that maximizes efficiency, as determined by total surplus. Market structure is the comprehensive box that relates to the rules of engagement for all market participants.Show MoreRelatedInvestment Vehicles For Emerging Muslim Economy1494 Words   |  6 PagesInvestment Vehicles for Emerging Muslim Economy: Which is which? Introduction Capital market play vital role in financial growth. Mutual fund is one of the securitization vehicles that commonly practice in today’s modern economics environment. Levy and Post (2005) mentioned investors, regardless of the type of investment they choose, have one common goal which is to get return out of their investment. Investors often have risk and return trade-off in determining their desire return. Thus, it isRead MoreInternal Environment Of Apple Inc. Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesApple Inc. which will cover the organisation structure. The internal environment of Apple Inc. would be examined through the use of SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is used to analyse an organisation s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in this case, the organisation is Apple Inc. however for the purposes of this section of the report, only the strengths and weaknesses will be examined and analysed. Meyer (2015) states that the Apple’s structure is one of the main reasons why the companyRead MorePestle Analysis Of Mcdonalds1628 Words   |  7 Pagesfranchise strategizes issues identified in this PESTLE analysis. 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This gave him a performance advantage as he knew what the market and consumers really needed: a simple service which wasRead MoreProcter Gambler: Organisation1063 Words   |  5 PagesCase: Procter Gamble: Organization 2005       1.Why did the US organizational structure shift from product grouping in the 1950s to a matrix in the 1980s? Why did the European organizational structure shift from geographic grouping in the 1950s to category management in the 1980s? Why were the two structures integrated into a global cube in the 1990s?       As mentioned in the article, the US market is a large homogenous one, which is characterized by buyers with similar needs and wantsRead More The Main Categories of Market Structures Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesCategories of Market Structures Recent industry analyses typically have strong relation with economic theories. 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A oligopoly is a market structure that has few sellers, either a homogenous or a differentiated product and market entry is difficult. (Tucker 277) An example of the oligopoly market structure is the smartphone industry. It meets all the criteria to be considered an oligopoly, they are only two major companies, Apple and Google, selling the same product of a mobile operating system. They are many barriers to entry for the smartphone market, which prevents

Business Law Case Study - 1954 Words

Case Jonathan, a moneylender makes a loan of $1,000 to Sheba on Sheba’s representation that she is 19 years old. Sheba is in fact 17 years old. She enrolled for diploma course with a private college for $500, spent $200 on a holiday, and the balance of $300 on a mini hi-fi set. She now refuses to pay Jonathan. In this case, we are acting for Jonathan (plaintiff). Jonathan sues Sheba (defendant) because of free consent and capacity. Free consent that we talk is about misrepresentation whereas capacity is about her being a minor. â€Å"Free consent is one of the essential elements of a valid contract which provides that all agreements are contract if they are made by the free consent of the parties†¦.† (Tulsian, 1998, p.53) â€Å"Capacity is legal†¦show more content†¦(Tuner, C., 2001) In this case Sheba deliberately lied about her age so that Jonathan would give her the loan. Therefore, there was an inducement dishonest misrepresentation of age by Sheba thus putting Jonathan to unfair position. Would Sheba be able to argue that Jonathan should have checked her age by asking for documents such as birth certificate or identification card and believing Sheba’s age without first checking her actual age? Then there is another question as to whether Sheba can use her own dishonest misrepresentation to disadvantage of Jonathan. We think the law would consider the fact that Jonathan did ask Sheba her age and that it is she who lied to him which was honest belief on his part. She would not be able to escape by raising the point that Jonathan should have taken a further step to actually verify her age. Another point which may need to be look at is that when the contract was entered Sheba asked for a loan from Jonathan and latter she spent the loan sum. Jonathan seems not to know the purpose of the loan. Therefore, whether the issue of the manner of the spending is relevant or not may not arise and it would purely be decided whether the contract is valid or void or voidable by either party. As for Jonathan, he will argue that Sheba is liable to pay back the loan since a valid contract was entered by the parties and the misrepresentation of age cannot be used by Sheba to say the contract is void and therefore unenforceable. 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Big Brother George Orwell Essay Example For Students

Big Brother George Orwell Essay In George Orwell s novel 1984, Big Brother was in charge of all these crucial aspects of everyone s lives. This book which was written long before 1984 can really take place at anytime and anywhere. The concepts and themes of this book are very real and very frightening. May be telescreens do not exist but V-chips and Pentium III computers are very much alive. Even though we live in modern times how do we know who is insane? The world is flat and the planets revolve around Earth were once sane statements. Finally do we control ourselves in this Democratic country or are we just puppets dancing to the high and powerful affluent members of our society. Or maybe G-d himself is the one who makes us do the things we do. The thought police seek out and cure the misguided people who simply think too much. They look at you minute by minute to see what you are doing and how u are doing it. I think more interesting than the thought police are the teaching of the morals of the land to the children. They are taught the ways of Ingsoc. They know right from wrong. One of Winston s peers was taken away because his own daughter told the thought police on him. In this society children are at school more than they are even home. It is very possible to have a closer relationship with a teacher than with a parent. On top of that, Big Brother and the inner party teach that it is only you and the party. Meaning the party is very individualized. This allows the party to function very nicely because people do not make relationships with other people only to the party. People in Oceania are never left alone. If you are alone and you are not sleeping this would definitely be looked at by the thought police. To keep people occupied there are hate speeches in order to show your love to Big Brother and Hate to the opposing country that Oceania is at war with. Everyone has a job and they are many organizations to belong to like the junior anti-sex league. Surveillance is a frightening thing. If you knew that everywhere you turned you were being recorded it could drive you crazy. The truth is that most of the places we go we are recorded. Such as security cameras in schools, malls, stores, and even on the street near ATM s. Phone lines are easy to tap and most calls you make to stores or businesses are recorded. They even tell you that your conversation is being monitored for your protection. The V-chip that would allow the government to monitor and control what you watched on TV exists. And even without it the government controls most things from the media. We do not know exactly what goes on in other countries. We see wars on TV and the news but what don t we see. The Pentium III computer by Intel is able to note everywhere you go online in order to get feedback of what people like to see on the Internet. Tracking is being done too on a daily basis. How many people have Easy-Pass? It tracks the amount of times you go through a bridge. Who knows if they could track that from a satellite? Everything from Caller-ID to punching into work tracks your every move. Just like Winston doesn t know who is in the thought police, we don t know who is an undercover police officer. They are in malls, schools and in the streets all the time. Ignorance is Strength. Ignorance also keeps you from knowing the truth. The people of Oceania accept ignorance. In the novel, Winston was thought to be insane for not loving Big Brother. Then after torture and pain Winston gave in. He did love Big Brother. The irony is that this is probably when Winston truly became insane. .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee , .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .postImageUrl , .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee , .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:hover , .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:visited , .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:active { border:0!important; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:active , .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u888c500f224c81d3ada4b4bd95ad93ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lamb to the slaughter, The sniper and Vendetta EssayI believe that the people of Oceania as a whole were very ignorant. They did not realize, question, or care that the history was being erased, that their allies would change constantly, that Big Brother was immortal since he had invented everything including the question mark. But what I find interesting is that as individuals they did know what was happening. Look how many people worked with Winston. Changing the past was not just Winston s job. As I said before, the silence was mostly because it was you and the party. No one socialized. There were no friends, family would turn on you, and most people did not love their husbands/wives. It was impermissible to show affection to your spouse. The board would choose who should get married. If the two people were shown to be in love then they could not be married. Winston s wife would not have sex but do her duty to the party. The insanity of life in Oceania was not being able to trust anyone. I don t think that there was a revolutionary group. But people did see what was going on. People did think about revolting. But in Oceania one man can t make a difference. Without people backing you there can t be a revolt. People were thinking about revolting and hating Big Brother. If not, why were there thought police? When Winston went to be cured in the Ministry of Love there were other people there. If no one felt hatred to this way of life then Winston would have been alone. Big Brother is the leader of Oceania. No one has actually seen him in person. He controls everything and has been around forever. The people love him even though they can t see him. He is like G-d to them. In the bible, G-d is everywhere. He sees everything and hears everything. He knows what you are thinking and sees your good deeds. Big Brother as well does all of this. With the help of the telescreens all of this is made possible. The people do not even question his existence. I feel that if O Brien was working all along for the inner party that maybe Goldstein is really Big Brother. The book he wrote did not really explain everything and Goldstein is really somewhat of an unknown as well. The novel 1984 opened the minds of many people in the 1940 s. More importantly, is that even today 1984 still allows us to view the world with Winston s eyes. It shows us how many things we do on a daily basis for no other reason then that s what we are supposed to do. The ideas of the book are truly a parallel to Big Brother because they are both timeless entities.

American Government from British Colonies to Revolution Essay Sample free essay sample

While the settlers were treated by Great Britain as minor kids or as topics to be governed. the really new sets of settlements were doing their ain constitutions in the kingdom of self-determination. Colonial self-government ranged on a expansive graduated table from things such as town meetings and councils. to public assemblies and tribunals. From these assemblies. great leaders and political heads hosted ideas and brought together a kind of ordinance for what early America was to look like in its hereafter. This procedure. of class. took clip and went through a great sum of alterations from the first colonists to the Revolutionary period. New colonial authorities represented an extension of English authorities. Courts enforced the common jurisprudence of England. The General Assembly was elected by electors. and by 1750 most free work forces could vote. In New England. the towns had town meetings where all free work forces had a voice. Some diplomatic personal businesss were handled by London. as were some trading policies. The settlements handled their ain personal businesss with the Native Americans. but Britain ( seemingly ) handled foreign wars with France and Spain. Councils as a whole would sit as the Supreme Court for the settlement. Like the British House of Lords. the council’s blessing was required for new Torahs. which normally originated in the Assembly. The council could be viewed as uninterrupted. unlike the Assembly. which would typically run into for a new session each twelvemonth to cover with revenue enhancements. budgets. and new demands. Like the Assembly. most Council places were unpaid. and members pursued a figure of professions. While attorneies were outstanding throughout the settlements. merchandisers were of import in the northern settlements. while plantation owners were more involved in the South. Each settlement had a charter. or written understanding between the settlement and the male monarch of England or Parliament. Charters of royal settlements allowed direct regulation by the male monarch. A colonial legislative assembly was elected by belongings keeping males. But governors were appointed by the male monarch and had about complete authorization — in theory. The legislative assemblies controlled the wage of the governor and frequently used this influence to maintain the governors in line with colonial wants. The Pilgrims fateful ( or non ) set downing in Plymouth. and pulling up of the Mayflower Compact. was a big measure toward self-determination in Massachusetts and the remainder of the settlements. This being said. colonial towns and small towns were practically self-governed from the start. sing their female parent state was separate from them by a big ocean. There were widespread belongings demands. Some settlements required a elector to have a certain sum of land or land of a specified value. Others required personal belongings of a certain value. or payment of a certain sum of revenue enhancements. America’s huge sum of land offered great inducement to go and settle at that place. Apprenticed retainers were besides a big portion of life and land in the early British settlements. Settlers could vote for legislators. but legislatures tended to go through few Torahs. Their greatest power was their power to revenue enhancement. Governors needed colonial politicians to supply financess for their enterprises. authorities disposal. and their wages. Get downing in the mid-1760s. settlers began demanding rights against revenue enhancement. ( â€Å"Taxation without representation† ) Although the revenue enhancements were no where nigh excessively expensive or boisterous to pay for. the people populating in America believed the rule of such a thing was incorrect. With more revenue enhancement Acts of the Apostless came more rebellion from American settlers. The Sons of Liberty was established and held boycotts against British goods. widespread protests and public violences lead to the Boston Massacre over the Townshed Act. the Boston Tea Party took topographic point. and eventually the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774 after the Coercive Act went into affect. The First Continental Congress brought together delegates from each settlement ( besides Georgia ) and discussed the following class of action. Settlers believed the King and Parliament had no right to pass any portion of the settlements. With the aid of John Adams. Congress passed a declaration of grudges and resolutenesss that wholly condemned Britain’s actions since 1763. The delegates besides came up humor a Continental Association to boycott all British goods and to halt all British exports. The passionate words of Thomas Paine. Samuel Adams. Patrick Henry. and finally John Adams and Thomas Jefferson sparked rebellion and revolution in the Black Marias of settlers. These authors and work forces of stature convinced the future American people that they had every right to go and independent state free from all British regulation. In 1776 the meeting of the Second Continental Congress took topographic point. and delegates approved the Declaration of Independence. the event that marks the birth of the United States. Thomas Jefferson. a delegate from Virginia. drafted the papers chiefly as a list of grudges against the male monarch. His most of import words. every adult male has the rights to life. autonomy. and the chase of felicity. clearly shaped the philosophical footing of the new authorities.

The Secret Garden a Book Review free essay sample

Two unwanted children†¦share a vitalizing secret†¦ The Secret Garden By Frances Hodgson Burnett Puffin ClassicsRs. 180 Nine-year old Mary Lennox is a disagreeable orphan, who is sent to her uncle’s desolate mansion in England. Misselthwaite Manor, however, conceals plenty of secrets†¦which seem to be waiting to be discovered†¦ On realising that she has nothing better to do, Mary spends all her time in the vast gardens surrounding her uncle’s mansion. It is not until the day when a friendly and curious robin leads her to the golden doors of a mysterious garden, that a spark is lit in her dull life. She is acquainted with Dickon, who, according to Mary, is ‘not like anyone else in the world’, and has a special charm for animals. Then, one night, Mary hears ‘†¦a curious sound†¦ as if a child were crying somewhere. ’ Following the source of the sound, she is led to the room of her lonely and bedridden cousin, Colin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden: a Book Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She had not known of him previously, as Colin detested being stared at by strangers, believing that he will develop a hunchback like his father. Between Mary, Colin and Dickon, the nearly-dead secret garden flourishes. As the garden prospers with life, Colin ventures to try a scientific experiment, with faith in his all-powerful Magic, which, he believes, is the source of all creation. One senses this Magic in oneself as he reads the book, and feels himself believing in miracles. The reader is taught the philosophy of life, which inspires everyone to be forever optimistic. A beautiful acquaintance with nature’s gifts is portrayed in this story, and a reader comes to appreciate these gifts, as well as life and beauty. However, the use of the Yorkshire dialect may be confusing, yet intriguing for the critic, at the commencement of the story. Nevertheless, this heartwarming tale will appeal to and be enjoyed by readers of all ages. What is the outcome of this Scientific Experiment? How does it change the lives of all concerned, forever? The answers to these questions lurk within the leaves of this wonderful book, waiting, patiently, to be read.

Catharine Beecher Biography

Catharine Beecher Biography Catharine Beecher was an American author and educator, born into a family of religious activists. She spent her life working to further the education of women, believing that educated and moral women were the foundation of family life in society. Catharine Beecher Fast Facts Born: September 6, 1800 in East Hampton, New YorkDied: May 12, 1878 in Elmira, New YorkParents: Lyman Beecher and Roxana FooteSiblings: Harriet Beecher Stowe and Henry Ward BeecherKnown For: American activist who believed that educated and moral women were the foundation of an upright society. She worked to further educational opportunities for women in the nineteenth century but opposed womens suffrage. Early Life Catharine Beecher was the eldest of 13 children born to Lyman Beecher and his wife, Roxana Foote. Lyman was a Presbyterian minister and outspoken activist, and was the founder of the American Temperance Society. Catharines siblings included Harriet, who would grow up to be an abolitionist and write Uncle Toms Cabin, and Henry Ward, who became a clergyman whose activism included social reforms and the abolitionist movement. Like many young ladies at the time, Catharine, who was born in 1800, spent the first ten years of her life being educated at home. Later, her parents sent her to private school in Connecticut, but she was dissatisfied with the curriculum. Subjects like mathematics, philosophy, and Latin were not available in girls schools, so Catharine learned these on her own. After her mother died in 1816, Catharine returned home and took over the running of her fathers household and supervision of her younger siblings; a few years later she began working as a teacher. By the time she was 23, she and her sister Mary had opened the Hartford Female Seminary to provide educational opportunities for girls. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Activism Catharine believed that it was important for women to be well-educated, so she taught herself all sorts of subjects that she could then pass along to her students. She learned Latin from her brother Edward, the headmaster of another school in Hartford, and studied chemistry, algebra, and rhetoric. She presented the novel idea that young women could learn all of these subjects from a single teacher, and soon her school was in high demand. She also believed that ladies benefited from physical activity, which was a revolutionary concept. Catharine disdained the poor health that was brought on by tight corsets and poor diets, so she developed a calisthenics plan for her students. She soon began writing about her curriculum, to serve as a guide for other teachers. Catharine felt the primary goal of education should be to provide a basis for the development of the student’s conscience and moral makeup. Catharine Beecher. Black Batchelder  / Schlesinger Library / Public Domain As her students grew up and moved on, Catharine shifted her focus to the roles that they would eventually play in society. Although she strongly believed that child-rearing and running the domestic aspects of a home were a source of pride for women, she also felt that women were entitled to respect and responsibility outside of their roles as wives and mothers. In the 1830s she followed her father, Lyman, to Cincinnati, and opened the Western Female Institute. Her goal was to educate women so they could become teachers, which had traditionally been a male-dominated profession. Catharine, who never married, saw women as natural teachers, with education as an extension of their roles as the guides of domestic home life. Because more men were leaving the world of education to go into industry, training women as teachers was a perfect solution. After a few years, she closed the school due to a lack of public support. The Beechers were not popular in Cincinnati because of their radical abolitionist views, and in 1837 Catharine wrote and published Slavery and Abolition with Reference to the Duty of American Females. In this treatise, she argued that women needed to stay out of the abolition movement because of the potential for violence, and instead needed to focus on creating moral and harmonious home lives for their husbands and children. This, she believed, would give women power and influence. Her work A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, published in 1841, promoted the responsibility of girls schools to teach not only intellectual pursuits, but also physical activity and moral guidance. The work became a best-seller, offering helpful suggestions on how to manage domestic life. Women needed a solid educational foundation to manage their homes, she felt, using this as the foundation from which they could change society. Front page of Miss Beechers Housekeeper and Healthkeeper. Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons Although Catharine felt women needed to be educated, she also believed they should stay out of politics, and was opposed to women earning the right to vote. Legacy Over her lifetime, Catharine opened numerous schools for women, wrote dozens of essays and pamphlets for causes in which she believed, and lectured around the country. Through this work, she helped gain respect for the role of women in society, and encouraged women to find employment as teachers. This helped to change the way society looked at education and careers for women. Catherine died on May 12, 1878, while visiting her brother Thomas. After her death, three different teaching universities named buildings in her honor, including one in Cincinnati. Sources Beecher, Catharine E, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. â€Å"The Project Gutenberg EBook, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, by Catherine Esther Beecher.†A Treatise on Domestic Economy, by Catherine Esther Beecher, Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org/files/21829/21829-h/21829-h.htm.â€Å"Catherine Beecher.†Ã‚  History of American Women, 2 Apr. 2017, www.womenhistoryblog.com/2013/10/catherine-beecher.html.Cruea, Susan M., Changing Ideals of Womanhood During the Nineteenth-Century Woman Movement (2005). General Studies Writing Faculty Publications. 1. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/gsw_pub/1Turpin, Andrea L. â€Å"The Ideological Origins of the Womens College: Religion, Class, and Curriculum in the Educational Visions of Catharine Beecher and Mary Lyon.†Ã‚  History of Education Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 2, 2010, pp. 133–158., doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2010.00257.x.

Discuss how you think we should approach globalization Essay

Discuss how you think we should approach globalization - Essay Example Additionally, this essay presents the role of that the government and international institutions should play in a globalized world. Finally this essay presents a conclusion of the findings from the discussion supported by critical readings of available sources and material from the textbook and lecture. International businesses have significant responsibilities in a global economy, such as, provision of fair business systems across the borders. In the present day, as companies struggle to reach the international market, they are faced with a number of challenges that rise above their ordinary goals. It is clear that international companies have a significant role to play in the social and environmental spheres, labour settings and human rights (Palmer 4). Primarily, these international companies set principles that help them conduct businesses across borders as responsible businesses of the society. Most of all, international companies ensure that they respect the legal obligations set by the countries they carry out their business activities (Palmer 4). According to Varia (2007), the responsibility of international businesses, not only lies within the original countries, but even across borders. It is clear that many international businesses have put emphasis on the utilization of available resources and workforce while leaving out the need to avert risks involved by going across the borders. In addition, a number of international companies abandon their local resources in search of international resources (Varia 5). It is, therefore, important for these international companies to focus on developing local capacities or business ties with local firms and industries. According to Palmer (2002), it is the role of international businesses to participate in societal building activities and initiatives when called upon. Many people are forced to work under unfair work circumstances in foreign